invalid parameter value

Category: Data ExceptionVersions: All Postgres versions

What this means

SQLSTATE 22023 is raised when a function or command receives a parameter value that is syntactically valid but semantically out of range or logically invalid. It is a broad code used across many built-in functions.

Why it happens

1Passing an out-of-range value to a function that imposes semantic constraints on its arguments
2Supplying a negative or zero value where only positive values are accepted
3Providing a string that does not match the expected format for a parameter

How to reproduce

Calling REPEAT with a negative count.

trigger — this will ERROR

SELECT REPEAT('x', -1);

ERROR: invalid parameter value for REPEAT: -1

Fix 1: Validate parameter values before calling the function

When parameter values come from user input or computed expressions.

fix

SELECT REPEAT('x', GREATEST(count_val, 0)) FROM data;

Why this works

GREATEST clamps the value to the minimum valid range, preventing 22023.

Sources

📚 Official docs: https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/errcodes-appendix.html

🔧 Source ref: Class 22 — Data Exception

Confidence assessment

✅ HIGH confidence

Standard SQLSTATE used broadly by Postgres built-in functions. Stable across versions.